WILDLIFE HAZARD MANAGEMENT IN AVIATION SAFETY POLICY AT INDONESIAN AIRPORTS: A QUALITATIVE GAP ANALYSIS

Wildlife strikes remain a persistent safety risk for airport operators because birds and terrestrial animals can
damage aircraft, disrupt schedules, and threaten passengers and crews. In Indonesia, the issue is particularly
important because airports operate in diverse ecological settings, including coastal zones, forest edges,
wetlands, agricultural areas, settlements, and rapidly urbanizing airport vicinities. This study evaluates the
implementation of Wildlife Hazard Management (WHM) at Indonesian airports by synthesizing published
airport evidence and comparing reported practices with ICAO standards and Indonesian aerodrome
regulations. A qualitative documentary review and structured gap analysis were conducted using ICAO
Annex 14, ICAO Doc 9137 Part 3, ICAO Safety Management System principles, Indonesian CASR Part 139related

regulations, and empirical studies from several Indonesian airports. The analysis was organized
around eight WHM components: wildlife assessment, habitat and attractant control, patrol and surveillance,
reporting and risk assessment, equipment and technology, personnel competence, emergency preparedness,
and off-airport stakeholder coordination. The findings show that Indonesian airports have generally
adopted core WHM practices, including patrols, reporting, grass cutting, perimeter control, and deterrent
equipment. However, implementation remains uneven. Key gaps include limited species-specific and
seasonal risk assessment, incomplete evidence on reporting quality, insufficient recurrent training and
simulation, suboptimal placement and maintenance of deterrent equipment, and weak documentation of
off-airport coordination within the 13 km wildlife-risk area. The study contributes a comparative policyimplementation

framework for strengthening WHM as part of airport Safety Management Systems in
Indonesia.